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APPLICATIONS 0710 - Softeners

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1. Which components are common to most water softeners, regardless of brand?
Resin tank, ion-exchange resin, control valve, brine tank, brine valve Electrolyzer plates and magnetic rods Centrifuge and distillation column RO membrane, carbon block, UV lamp, ozone injector Only a single tank with no control valve
2. What does the internal distribution system in the resin tank do?
Measures TDS continuously Adds chlorine to the brine Creates electricity for the control valve Captures flow at the bottom and returns it to the top via the control valve Heats the water to improve exchange
3. How is brine created in the brine tank?
Salt tablets are crushed by a grinder The control valve synthesizes sodium chemically Air sparging converts salt to liquid UV light activates salt to form brine Water dissolves solid salt into a saturated solution
4. Which softener states are described in the training?
Only service and standby Alarm and fault only Aeration, ozonation, distillation, and recarbonation Flush, hold, purge only Service, regeneration, standby, and bypass
5. During a single-tank softener’s regeneration, what typically occurs?
The system bypasses raw water to the home The tank doubles flow rate Soft water continues uninterrupted from the same tank The brine tank supplies drinking water The system produces RO water
6. Which feature set distinguishes Kinetico softeners?
Electric timers with fixed cycles Uses untreated water for all regen by design Requires manual brine mixing each day Single tank with nightly timed regen only Countercurrent regeneration, twin tanks, soft‑water regeneration, no reserve, non‑electric
7. Countercurrent regeneration means:
Brine flows opposite the service flow direction No brine is used at all The tank rotates physically Brine and service flow the same way Only backwash without brining
8. Why does countercurrent regeneration yield high initial water quality after regen?
Because service flow always starts from the top Because it uses raw water for brining Because it eliminates the rinse step entirely Any residual hardness remains near the top, while fully regenerated resin remains below Because it mixes the bed completely before service
9. A key drawback of co‑current regeneration is:
It cannot regenerate at all It never requires salt It is non‑hydraulic and battery operated It must push the exhausted front through the entire bed from top to bottom It always uses twin tanks by design
10. Compared to countercurrent, co‑current generally needs:
No chemical at all ~2–3× more regenerant chemical to move the wavefront Exactly the same amount of chemical Less chemical than countercurrent Only water without salt
11. What pre‑service steps are used to make co‑current more manageable?
Use RO permeate for household supply Pack the bed with zero freeboard only Reverse service flow permanently Backwash before brining, then mix again (backwash/fast rinse) before returning to service Eliminate rinses entirely
12. In a single‑tank co‑current system, regeneration and brine makeup usually use:
Municipal chlorinated water only Untreated hard water Distilled water only Soft water from a second tank No water—dry regeneration
13. A Kinetico twin‑tank design allows all of the following EXCEPT:
True countercurrent regeneration Metered, demand‑based regeneration before full exhaustion Using soft water for brining and brine makeup Requiring a reserve capacity setting for night regen Continuous soft water to the home during regen
14. To implement countercurrent properly, a softener must:
Run brine at very high flow to fluidize the bed Reverse flow between service and brining and keep the resin bed stable Skip rinses to save water Use electric motors to time cycles Always mix the bed prior to service
15. How does Kinetico prevent resin mixing during countercurrent brining?
Brines at a very slow flow rate; some models pack the bed with no freeboard Uses heated brine to fuse beads Spins the tank to compact resin Violently backwashes during brining Adds glue to the resin
16. How are Kinetico valves actuated without electricity?
Battery‑powered stepper motors Solar panels on the brine tank Compressed air bottles Manual hand cranks only Incoming water drives a turbine and gear stacks to index cycles
17. Which battery analogy describes countercurrent vs co‑current exhaustion behavior?
Both behave identically Countercurrent like alkaline; co‑current like lithium Neither relates to battery behavior Both drop immediately at the start Countercurrent like lithium (full performance then sharp drop); co‑current more gradual
18. With similar resin capacity, countercurrent in the example delivered about:
Countercurrent less than co‑current Only 500 gallons more than co‑current ~2,000 gallons vs ~5,000 for co‑current ~4,000 gallons to 1 gpg vs ~3,000 for co‑current Exactly equal gallons for both
19. Proper countercurrent vs co‑current saves roughly:
~60% water and ~80% salt No difference at all ~5% water and ~10% salt More water but less salt ~20% water and ~40% salt for equivalent capacity
20. In the co‑current example, total water per regen was about:
~8 bed volumes ~2 bed volumes No water is used Exactly 1 bed volume ~5 bed volumes of water
21. Approximate salt dose per cubic foot for co‑current vs countercurrent (same capacity) was:
Both ~10 lb/ft³ ~6 lb/ft³ vs ~10 lb/ft³ ~10 lb/ft³ vs ~6 lb/ft³ Both ~6 lb/ft³ 20 lb/ft³ vs 2 lb/ft³
22. Which is TRUE of the Kinetico Premier XP?
10‑year parts warranty; twin tanks; non‑electric; high efficiency; 1¼" ports; super kit included Only ¾" ports 1‑year parts warranty; electric control No brine tank included Single tank only; no bypass
23. Which is TRUE of the Kinetico Signature line?
Same warranty as XP Legacy non‑electric twin‑tank design; ~5‑year parts warranty; 1" ports Electric timer and single tank Pressurized RO tank included 1¼" ports standard
24. What is special about the XP‑950 model?
It is a four‑tank ‘quad’: two carbon tanks + two softener tanks It is battery‑powered It includes UV disinfection It is only a filter with no softening It is a single huge resin tank
25. When sizing a Kinetico softener, you primarily consider:
Only pipe size Compensated hardness and required flow (at ~15 psi loss rating) Only iron levels; ignore hardness Only number of people; ignore hardness Only hardness; flow never matters
26. What quick rule estimates a home’s GPM demand from bathrooms?
Bedrooms × 2 + 3 Half baths × 4 + 2 Full baths × 1 + 1 Full baths × 2.5 + 3 Showers × 5
27. Why might you upsize a softener for homes on 30/50 or 40/60 well pressure switches?
To keep pressure loss reasonable at needed flows Because upsizing reduces hardness Because small tanks can’t hold salt So the brine tastes better To avoid using a bypass valve
28. Which describes Clearwater SmartClear softeners?
Twin‑tank, non‑electric Single‑tank, co‑current, electrically controlled, meter + timer, 1" ports Always four tanks with carbon No electricity and 1¼" ports Countercurrent with soft‑water brining
29. How is compensated hardness calculated for SmartClear sizing?
Hardness − iron − manganese Iron × 8 + manganese × 3.1 Hardness + 3.1×(iron) + 8×(manganese) Hardness + iron + manganese (all ×1) Hardness × iron × manganese
30. For SmartClear capacity, daily grains needed are computed as:
Hardness × 10 only Compensated hardness ÷ people Compensated hardness × people × 75 (gallons/person/day) Flow (GPM) × 75 People × 10 + iron